Essay about Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - 828 Words

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a symbolic poem of the complications people must face in the course of their lives. Although it is not difficult to understand the meaning of the poem through it’s title, it is however hard to interpret what the author means when he describes the roads. Throughout the poem, the two roads appear similar at times and different at others. He uses free imagery to make his poem more complex for the audience. In the first stanza, Frost attempts to do many things: he illustrates the setting; he describes the roads; and he explains the significance of the roads. The setting of the poem is drawn in a yellow wood, which suggests that it is autumn. In the following line,†¦show more content†¦Although the two roads appear to be exactly alike, they each may hold different outcomes in the end, and this is what causes the speaker so much controversy. While standing in the forest, he has no other motives then the physical appearance of the two roads to base his decision upon. Each road is equally lying there covered with leaves waiting to be chosen. Yet again Frost brings up the idea of it being fall, this symbolizes a timeframe in his life (Miss. Bissonnette in class discussion). It could represent that the author is in his middle ages, and taking decisions more seriously then if perhaps he was nineteen. In the third line of this stanza, yet knowing that he will probably never have the chance to come back, the narrator makes a judgment to just go for it. As this is such a difficult choice for him, he knows he must force himself to take the path. If he does not he will never make the choice. If the two roads were indeed the roads of life, then they would have each held something different for the traveler. By not taking one it makes all the difference in the world, because you have lived your life in accordance to a certain path, and if you did not take that road the outcome would be totally different. The final stanza is one of regret. The speaker sighs in the first line because he is insecure about his original choice. In making such a huge decision, the traveler will never be content about his choice. EvenShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1800 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction Robert Frost is one of the best known poets in American history, and his poem, The Road Not Taken is among the most well-known of all his poems. Frost places a great deal of emphasis on nature in his writing, as he was a lover of the countryside. He based many of his poems on the New England scenery, which was his home for most of his life. I chose this particular poem because I have enjoyed the readings we have done so far of his work and The RoadRead MoreSymbolism In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken700 Words   |  3 Pagesthe intelligence of a few perceives what has been carefully hidden.† What he said applies to Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† as poems are not that straightforward. The poem seems to be about a person walking into a woods and coming across two paths, but that is not the case. Underneath those pretty words lies an ironic theme about choices based on the poem’s setting, symbolism, and syntax. â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† sets the entire poem. From this verse, the readers can infer thatRead MoreExplication In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken782 Words   |  4 PagesExplication of The Road Not Taken. The poem titled The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost is about a man reflecting on a choice he once made. While the outcome of this choice is not implied to be positive or negative the speaker notes that the choice in itself and the consequences of that choice have made a huge difference in the way his life has unfolded. The poem is about the importance of choices. The poem begins with the speaker regretting that he could not have been two people soRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken973 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost’s poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, can be easily misunderstood, and perhaps for decades it was. Scholar Frank Lentricchia believed that in this poem, the message is that people don’t get a choice in life to pick one path rather than the other, because their lives are already mapped out for us. However, Mark Richardson had a different idea. He thought that it’s not that we don’t get a choice in life, it is that we don’t realize how the choice affects us until later in life. Although theseRead MoreInterpretation In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken946 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† Analysis â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost is a poem many individuals can relate to. Every day we are forced to make choices; we are unaware of the outcome that may result. It’s only natural to ponder on the past and spectate how things could have been if a different choice was made. Often times we complete tasks with a sigh of relief, however other times we may let out a sigh of regret. This poem has a variety of interpretations. The most popular, and the one I agreeRead More Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Ambiguous Road Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe Very Ambiguous Road Not Taken  Ã‚     Ã‚   Donald J. Greiner states, In the years since his death, biographical revelations and critical appraisals have torn off the mask to expose a Frost the public never knew: a flawed man with more than his share of personal tragedy, a major poet with more than his share of fear(95). Many people consider Robert Frost to be a great poet with many accomplishments. His work is well known throughout Europe and the United States; however, most people do not knowRead More Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Significance of The Road Not Taken811 Words   |  4 Pages The Significance of The Road Not Taken  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      My father introduced me to The Road Not Taken when I was a young teenager because he figured that I was beginning a period of my life where I would be forced to make many important decisions, and he saw this poem as a source of guidance through those decisions. This poem carries truth and edification in its words. It forms a beautiful analogy of life and all its complications. After my father finished reciting the poem, I neverRead More The Other Road in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages The Other Road in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his celebrated poem The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost describes the decision one makes when reaching a fork in the road. Some interpret Frost as suggesting regret on the part of the traveler as to not choosing the path he forgoes, for in doing so he has lost something significant. Others believe he is grateful for the selection, as it has made him the man he is. The diverging roads are symbolic of the choices society is facedRead More Decisions in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesDecisions in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Throughout our lives we are faced with a number of important decisions, decisions that determine an unseen future. The choices, though often virtually identical, lead to different destinies and often leave us asking what if? There are not always signs telling us the way to go or the choice to make; we must find out what lies ahead for ourselves. In his The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost relates to the reader such a choice, symbolic, perhaps ofRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken563 Words   |  2 Pages Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken Analysis The poem seems to make a reader think about the decisions they make in life and the cause-n-effect behind their decisions. Initially the poem seems to have a motivational tone to it, but after reading and thinking on it, it magnifies the fear most people have when it is time to make a decision; afraid of making the wrong decision and having to live with that decision. In the first stanza, Mr. Robert Frost’s poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, tells the story

Fdi in Nigeria Free Essays

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY BY SHIRO ABASS A. Department of Finance University of Lagos BSTRACT Generally, policies and strategies of Nigerian government towards foreign direct investments are shaped by two principal objectives of desire for economic independence and the demand for economic development. Multi national corporations are expected to bring into Nigeria, foreign capital in the form of technical skills, entrepreneurship, technology and investment fund to boost economic activities thereby, rising the standard of living of Nigerian. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main issues in this paper relates to understanding the effects and impact of foreign direct investments on the Nigerian economy as well as our ability to attract adequate amounts, sufficient enough to accelerate the pace of our economic growth and development. From related research and studies, it was revealed that multinational corporations are highly adaptive social agents and therefore, the degree to which they can help in improving economic activities through foreign direct investment will be heavily influenced by the policy choice of the host country. Secondary data were collected for the period 1970 to 2005. In order to analyse the data, both econometric and statistical method were used. Tables were produced in order to create a visual impression of the dependence of Nigeria economy on that of donor countries such as Western Europe and North America. The economic regression model of ordinary least square was applied in evaluating the relationship between foreign direct investment and major economic indicators such as gross domestic product, gross fixed capital ormation and index of industrial production. The model revealed a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and each of these variables, but that foreign direct investment has not contributed much to the growth and development of Nigeria. This is evident in reality of enormous repatriation of profits, dividends, contract fees, and interest payments on foreign loans. The study thus suggest that in order to further improve the economic climate for foreign direct investments in Nigeria, the government must appreciate the fact that the basic element in any successful development strategy should be the encouragement of domestic investors first before going after foreign investors. 1. 0INTRODUCTION In order to seek the highest of return for capital, economists tend to favour the free flow of capital across national boarders. It is against this backdrop that multinational companies seek investment in foreign countries with reasonable risk. Nigeria is believed to be a high-risk market for investment because of factors such as bad governance, unstable macro economic policies, investment as a way out of Nigeria’s economic state of underdevelopment. Since the enthronement of democracy in 1999, the government of Nigeria has taken a number of measures necessary to woo foreign investors into Nigeria. These measures includes the repeal of laws that are inimical to foreign investment growth, promulgation of investment law, various overseas trips for image laundry by the president, among others. The need for foreign direct investment is born out of the underdeveloped nature of the Nigeria’s economy that essentially, hindered the pace of her economic development. Generally, policies and strategies of the Nigerian government towards foreign investments are shaped by two principal objective of the desire for economic independence and the demand for economic development. There are four basic requirements for economic development namely. i)Investment capital ii)Technical skills iii)Enterprise iv)Natural resources. Without these components, economic and social development of the country would be a process lasting for many years. The provisions of these first three necessary components present problems for developing countries like Nigeria. This is because of the fact that there is a low level of income that prevents savings, big enough to stimulate investment capital domestically or, to finance training in modern techniques and methods. The only way out of this problem is through acceleration of the economy by external sources of money (foreign investment) and technical expertise. Foreign direct investment is therefore suppose to serve as means of augmenting Nigeria’s domestic resources in order to carryout effectively, her development programmes and raise the standard of living of her people. According to Nwankwo, G. O. 2 factors responsible for the increase need for foreign direct investment by developing countries are: oThe world recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s and the resultant fall in the terms of trade of developing countries, which averaged about 11% between 1980 and 1982. High real interest rate in the international capital market, which adversely affected external indebtedness of these developing countries. oThe high external debt burden. oBad macro economic management, fall in per capital income and fall in domestic savings. Foreign direct investments consist of external resources, including technology, managerial and marketing expertise and capital. All these generate a considerable impact on host nation’s production capabi lities. At the current level of gross Domestic Product, the success of governments policies of stimulating the productive base of the economy depends largely on her ability to control adequate amount of foreign direct investments comprising of managerial, capital and technological resources to boost the existing production capabilities. The Nigerian government had in the past endeavored to provide foreign investors with a healthy climate as well as generous tax incentives, but the result had not been sufficiently encouraging (as we shall see in this research). Nigeria still requires foreign assistance in the form of managerial, entrepreneurial and technical skills that often accompany foreign direct investments. Total amount of income that will accrue to capital will be OR0BK0 while labour receives YBR0. Given that Q = F (K, L), the total output in this country is the area under the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) curve and this output will be distributed between the two factors of production, that is labour and capital. For foreign direct investment to take place, the returns to capital in the United Kingdom must be less than returns to capital in Nigeria, given that United Kingdom is more endowed with capital utilization In response to this differential in returns to capital, there will be capital movement from the United Kingdom to Nigeria and this will continue until the returns are the same in the two countries. The amount of capital moved from United Kingdom to Nigeria is in the form of foreign direct investment and hence, Nigeria’s stock of capital or investment fund is increased. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL REVIEW 2. 1FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT: PROPONENTS AND ANTI-PROPONENTS. 2. 1. 1 PROPONENTS — Most analysts believe that national and foreign private sector enterprise, if permitted to operate in a competitive market condition will offer developing countries the best prospects for speedy national economic growth. These analysts however do not view multi national capital as panacea to developing countries. Amongst the proponents of foreign direct investments are Peter Drucker, Harry Johnson, Gerald Mier, Sanjaja Hall, Paul Strcter, Carlos, F, Ludiak, l. A, Manle, . F, Author Nwankwo and many more. Harry Johnson argued that foreign investments bring to the home country, â€Å"a package of cheap capital, advanced technology. Superior knowledge of foreign market for final products and capital goods, immediate inputs and raw materials†. Similarly, Drucker has argued that developing countries need to employ export oriented development strategies in order to meet their foreign exchange and employment requirements and that such orientation is much more likely to succeed if these countries can acquire â€Å"capital export markets†. Such markets he maintained are precisely what multinational companies with their worldwide sourcing and marketing can offer. Gerald Mier contends that from the stand profit of national economic benefit, the essence of the case of encouraging the inflow of capital is that the increase in real income resulting from the act of investment is greater than the resultant increase on the income of the investor. This is also the view held by Mactougal when he stated that a moderate inflow of investment in an economy is beneficial. The chief benefit of foreign direct investment, according to these writers, is the accompanying â€Å"package deal† of technical and managerial skill. This may be costly, difficult or impossible to obtain in other alternative investment means. The less developed a country is, the less able it is as a rule to utilize patents, technical advice and contract management assistance without taking the whole package. This view was supported by Penrose (1961) and Chenery (1966). 2. 1. ANTI-PROPONENTS — some analysts (known as the dependence school) are strongly opposed to pro foreign direct investment perspectives. Their arguments are based on series of studies and research carried out. Such analysts include Dos Santos, Ronald Multer, Cardose, Euzo Falleto, Dr. Fashola and many others. Theofonio Dos Santos argued that developing countries’ economic difficulties do not originate in their isolation from advanced countries, but that the most powerful obstacle to their develo pment came from the way they are oined to their international system. Multer, R maintained that multinational corporations transfer technologies to developing countries that result in mass unemployment; that they monopolize rather than inject new capital resources; that they displace rather than generate local business and that they worsen rather than ameliorate the country’s balance of payment. Overall, the dependent school rejects the pro foreign direct investment analysts’ depiction of the benefits derived from participation in the international economy. Dr Fashola, for example argued that most of the policies adopted by Nigeria since the SAP era are qualitative in nature and as such are yet to be effective in turning round for the better economic fortunes of the nation. More recently, a new body of literature emerged and challenged the pro-foreign direct investment optimist about the long-term negotiating and benefiting prospects of the world. What might be labeled the structuralized school has argued that developing countries may in fact experience a long-term decrease in their power over high technology manufacturing system. Their arguments were based on what scholars learnt empirically about the behaviour and effects of multinational companies in developing countries. Results of some of their studies are. i)Bornshier and Jean in a multiple regression analysis of variance in growth of GNP per capital in 76 developing countries (Nigeria inclusive) between 1960 to 1975, found out that their flow of foreign direct investment were associated negatively with growth in income per capital. Other studies by Michael Dolan and Brain Tomlin appeared basically to confirm Bormshier’s observations. Also, Robert Johnson in his regression analysis of growth per GNP in 72 countries between 1960 to 1978, found stocks of foreign direct investment to be positively associated with economic growth at statistically significant level for relatively advanced economies. He therefore concluded that once the size of a developing country is taken into account, the level of direct investment has no consistent effect on growth. i)Vincent Mahler (1976) carried out an analysis of 68 least developed countries and found a statistically significant association between income concentrated in the 6 percent to 20 percent of the population and foreign direct investment in manufacturing but not in mining and agriculture. iii)Several studies were also conducted to estimate the economic desirability of the technology brought to developing countries by multinational corporations. It was found that royalty payments, technical tees, tie-in-clause leading to the purchase of over priced immediate goods, export restrictions and other limitations had resulted in technology acquisition during most of the sixties to become major burden In conclusion, considering the wide range of conflicting empirical studies on how foreign direct investment in developing countries affect the rate of aggregate growth, distribution of income, employment and some non-economic indicators like culture and political structures, one cannot draw conclusions from them with any minimal acceptable level of confidence. Perhaps the warning of Arthur Nwankwo is appropriate in this context where he warned that no nation could provide for the welfare of its citizens as long as its economy is fettered. More so, many studies have shown that multinational corporations are highly adaptive social agents and therefore, the degree to which foreign direct investment helps or hurts a developing country will be heavily influenced by the policy choice of the host country. 3. 0 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 3. 1MODEL SPECIFICATION The under listed variables are used in building the model. FDIForeign Direct Investments GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation GDPGross Domestic Product llPIndex of Industrial Production The models will therefore be: GPD = b0 + b1FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (equation 1) GFCF b0 + b1FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (equation 2) lIP = bo + b1FDI +u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (equation 3) These models, which are used in gauging and assessing the performance of the economy, make the economic indicators functions of the level of cumulative foreign direct investment. If we assume a linear relationship (logarithm), then the model equations become. Log GPD= b0 + b1Iog FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (equation 1) Log GFCF= b0 + b1log FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (equation 2) Log lIP= b0 + b1log FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (equation 3) Fromthe model Log GOP=b0 + b1 FDI Log GOP=0. 159 + 1. 237 log FDI Standard Error (Se)=0. 158 Correlation coefficient (r)=0. 99 t1=1. 03 t2=0. 037 3. 2 Interpretation of Results The first noticeable thing about the above result is that Gross Domestic Product is positively related to foreign direct investments. The responsiveness of GDP to FDI to 1. 237 indicates that a one percent increase in foreign direct investment leads to a more than proportionate increase of 1. 24 percent in gross domestic product. A correlation coefficient of 0. 9 indicates a very strong relationship between economic growth (measured by GDP) and foreign direct investments, thus leading to the rejection of our alternative hypothesis and acceptance of our null hypothesis, which states that there is a relationship between foreign, direct investment and economic growth. Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that: H0 : a = 0 H1 : a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 = 0 H1 : B + 0, for significance of gradient. For t1 since the computed value of 1. 02 is less than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H1 and accept H0 which states that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. For t2 since the computed value of 0. 037 is less than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H1 and accept H0 which states that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. From the model Log GFCF=b0 + b1 FDI Log GFCF=0781 + 0. 873 log FDI Standard Error (Se)=0. 199 Correlation coefficient (r)=0. 95 Tl=9. 41 t2=41. 57 3. 3 Interpretation of Results The results from this model shows that there exist a direct functional relationship between foreign direct investment and standard of living, such that the elasticity of gross fixed capital formation with respect to foreign direct investment is 0. 873. A correlation coefficient of 0. 95 indicates a very strong relationship between foreign direct investment and gross fixed capital formation (which could be used as a measure of standard of living). Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that H0 : a = 0 H1: a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0: B = 0 H1 : B + 0, for significance of gradient For t1 since the computed value of 9. 41 is greater than 2. 042 (value from 1 table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment has not affected the standard of living of Nigerians. For 12 since the computed value of 41. 57 is greater than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment has not affected the standard of living of Nigerians. 3. 4 Interpretation of Results The above results show a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and industrial production. The elasticity of the index of industrial production with respect to foreign direct investments of 0. 14 indicates that one percent increase in foreign direct investment will lead to fourteen percent increase in the level of industrial output. The coefficient of explanatory variable of foreign direct investment is also significant, statistically at 8. 5 percent. The correlation coefficient of 0. 78 shows high positive relationship between foreign direct investment and index of industrial output. Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that: Ho:a = 0 H1 : a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 : B= 0 H1 : B + 0, for significance of gradient. For t1 since the computed value of 936 is greater than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment is not associated with the rate of increase in index of industrial production. For t2 since the computed value of 7. 05 is greater than 2. 42 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H1 4. 0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 CONCLUSION Given the above situation and the fact that Nigeria’s economic recovery efforts and growth requires major private sector investment in modern equipments that can industrialize the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole, then the Nigeria’s foreign investment policy should move towa rds attracting and encouraging more inflows of foreign capital by moving ahead with economic programmes that includes measures easier set-up and expansion of businesses. In the years ahead, Nigeria (and many other African and third world countries) in trying to pave way for more foreign direct investment faces greater problems, especially with poor external image problem and particularly the concept of European Economic Unity that includes Eastern Europe. This translate to the fact that investment flows that would ordinarily have come from countries of surplus capital like Western Europe to capital deficient countries like Nigeria would now be going to poor European Economic Communities which includes Eastern Europe. Except African countries are able to adopt new strategies, this development will further compound the crises of under-development confronting countries like Nigeria. A very important challenge of management in the coming years would therefore be the development of indigenous technology and entrepreneurial capabilities as the involvement of multinational companies in our economy may dwindle as a result of new bigger and attractive opportunities that are likely to emerge from Europe. With the up and down movement of foreign direct investment, Nigeria needs to juxtapose foreign investment with domestic investment in order to maintain high levels of income and employment. The problem therefore does not lie so much with the magnitude of investment flows to Nigeria as with the form in which it Is given. We could emphasize that foreign investment cannot contribute much to the economic development of Nigeria if it is directed primarily to capital supply than to investment projects. Foreign investment can be very effective if it is directed at improving and expanding managerial and labour skills. In other words, the task of helping a â€Å"poor beggar† can be made less generous and yet more fruitful if it is directed at teaching him a trade rather than giving him food to eat. The analysis presented in this work does not offer a simple version of multinational corporation investment in Nigeria because the picture in complex. Foreign direct investment can make a valuable contribution to third world countries’ development in general and Nigeria in particular, but not all foreign direct investment doe so. Greater flows of investment fund’s climate in the Nigeria economy are important but a good investment climate is not synonymous with what multinational corporation prizes most. In conclusion, in order to further improve the climate for foreign investment in Nigeria, the government must appreciate the fact that the basic element in any successful development strategy should be to encourage domestic investors first before going after foreign investors, considering the fact that they constitute the bulk of investment activities in the economy. Thus, the most effective strategy for attracting foreign investment is to make the Nigerian economy very attractive to Nigerian investors first. 4. 2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The following policies are hereby recommended to policy makers and government, if it is desired that foreign investment contribute to the growth and development of Nigeria. ? The Nigerian government should encourage the inflows of foreign direct investment and contact policy institutions that can ensure the transparency of the operations of foreign companies within the economy. In evaluating foreign direct investment, the screening process should be simplified and improved upon. For example, export investment projects that consistently generate positive contribution to national income can be screened separately and swiftly, while projects in import competing industries should be screened separately. ? Efforts should be made to engage in joint ventures that are beneficial to the economy. Joint ventures provide for a set of complementary or reciprocating matching undertakings, which may include a variety of packages ranging from providing the capital to technical cooperation. The government should intensify the policy to acquire, adopt, generate and use the acquired technology to develop its industrial sectors. ? Efforts should continue, this time with more vigor at ensuring consistency in policy objectives and instruments through a good implementation strategy as well as good sense of discipline, understanding and cooperation among the policy makers. ? The Nigerian government needs to come up with more friendly economic policies and business environment, which will, attracts FDI into virtually all the sectors of the economy. The Nigerian government needs to embark on capital project, which will enhance the infrastructural facilities with which foreign investors can build on. ? The current indigenization policy should be pursued to the letter as a way of preventing absolute foreign ownership in the key sector of the economy. ? The Nigeria government should also carry out the liberalization of all the sector of the economy so as to attract foreign investor s, so that the current efficiency and growth noticed in the telecommunication sector can also be enjoyed there. For Nigeria to generate more foreign direct investments, efforts should be made at solving the problems of government involvement in business; relative closed economy; corruption; weak public institutions; and poor external image. It is therefore advised that the government continues with its privatization programme, external image laundry, seriousness and openness in the fight against corruption, and signing of more trade agreements. REFERENCE Ahmed A. (1993) Strategies for foreign investment in Nigeria. A central Bank perspective Economic and Financial Review volume 26. Ajayi S. I. (1992) An Economic Analysis of Capital flight from Nigeria: World Bank Working Paper series No 993. Aremu, J. A(1997) Foreign private investment: Issues, determinants and performance. Paper presented at a workshop on foreign investment policy and practice, organized by the Nigeria institute of Advance legal studies, Lagos, March Arthur, Nwankwo (1981) Can Nigeria survive 4th dimension publication. Enugu. Berham N. J. (1970) National Interests and Multinational Enterprise: Tensions among the North – Atlantic Counties. Engle Wood Clifts: Prentize Hall. Bhattachary A, Montie P. J and Shame (1997) How can sub-saharan African attract more private capital in flow. Buckley P Casson M. (1976) The future of multination enterprises: Macmillan press Limited, London. Caves R. E. (1988) Exchange rate movement and foreign direct investment in the United State, New York University Press. Classens S. (1993) Portfolio Capital flows: Hot or Cold? The World Bank Economic Review Vol. 9, No1 page 153-174. Drucker P. F. (1974) Multinationals and developing countries: myths and Realities. Foreign affairs No. 53. Dunning J. H. (1994) Re-evaluating the benefits of foreign direct investment, Transnational Corporations, Vol. 3, February, No 1, 23-51. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1988) industrial policy of Nigeria: Policies, Incentives, Guidelines and Institutional frame work. Federal Ministry of Industries, Abuja. Fernandez – Arias, E. (1996) The new wave of capital inflows: push or poll? Journal of Development Economics Vol. 48, 389 – 418. Frost K. and Stein J. C (1991) Exchange rates and foreign direct investment: an imperfect capital market approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 4, No 4, 1191-1217. Hartman D. G. (1984) Tax Policy and foreign direct investment in the United States. National tax journal, Vol. 34, No 4, December, 175 – 488. International Monetary Fund (1985) Foreign private investment in developing countries. A study by the international monetary fund research Department. Occasional paper No 33. Meier G. M. (1984) leading issues in economic Development. Oxford University Press, 4th edition. Mahmoud M. I. (1986) The Determinants of foreign investment in African countries, Dakar, Senegal. Nigerian Economic Society (1988) Rekindling Investment for economic Development in Nigeria. Selected papers for the annual conference. Nwankwo G. O. (1988) foreign Private Capital flows to Nigeria 1970 – 1983, Economic and financial Review. Volume 28, March. OjO . M. O. (1988) Nigeria Economic Crisis: Causes, Solutions and Prospects. A paper delivered at the AHQ garrison annual officers training, April. Stephen J. K. (1997) Foreign Direct investment, Industrialisation and social change. Contemporary studies in Economic and financial Analysis. Vol. 9, JAI Press, Greenwich connecticut. How to cite Fdi in Nigeria, Papers

Little Women - a Literary Comparison of Movie and Book free essay sample

Since I have not seen the other movie versions of the novel, I cannot say what differences there were between the book and the other movies. The 1994 movie version starring Winona Ryder as Jo, Susan Sarandon as Marmee, Claire Danes as Beth, Kirsten Dunst as Amy, and Trini Alvarado as Meg is the movie version I chose for my comparison. As a movie lover, I enjoyed the movie yet was disappointed somewhat with it after having read the book. I saw this movie when it first came out and absolutely fell in love with the March family. I wanted to be one of the sisters, live in that house, and spend time with them. I’ve never read the book until now because I’ve always been intimidated by the size of it. It took me a while to read, but it was definitely worth it. The book is split into two parts: part one ending once Meg gets married. The movie follows part one of Little Women almost exactly. Both start out on Christmas Eve with the girls singing before going to bed. On Christmas morning, Hannah makes a wonderful feast that the girls bring to the Hummel’s, a poor family in town that they look after. The party that Jo and Meg are invited to is exactly like the book. Jo burns off a piece of Meg’s hair, which is captured beautifully in the movie. Jo dodges a boy that wants to dance with her at the party which lands her in an alcove where she meets Laurie for the first time. Laurie tells Jo all about his time abroad. Jo and Laurie dance in the hallway where no one can see them so Jo will not be embarrassed by the burn on the back of her dress. They run into Meg who has sprained her ankle, and Laurie offers to take them home in his carriage. Jo and Laurie’s friendship blooms from this point on as does his relationship with the March family. Their friendship feels just as effortless in the book as it appears on screen. In the movie, the March girls play in the snow with Laurie while Mr. Brooke approaches Marmee and Meg. Mr. Brooke is not introduced this early in the book. We do not meet him until about a quarter of the way into the book. The girls also do not spend as much time with Laurie so early in the book. A speedy procession of the relationships was a necessity in the movie because of having to cram so much information into a two hour presentation. However, I really enjoyed in the book how Laurie remained a mystery for a while. Piquing both the Jo’s and the reader’s attention. In both the book and movie Amy is struck by her teacher for the limes, Jo writes about her inner struggles for having to conform to the ways of society, and the March girls have their secret society of plays and the Pickwick Portfolio. They accept Laurie as a member and he gives the girls a ‘post office’ for them to share â€Å"their most appalling secrets. † Beth and Mr. Laurence have a much larger part in the books. Beth is often going next door to use Mr. Laurence’s piano, and plays the music that he secretly places out for her. Beth reminds Mr. Laurence of his daughter that passed away at a young age, and so he dotes upon her. Amy is just as jealous in the movie as she is in the book that Meg and Jo get to go to the theater with Laurie and John. Amy burns Jo’s manuscript that she’s been writing for years. Jo lashes out and yells at Amy saying she never wants to see her again. Amy apologizes, but Jo ignores her because she’s so upset. Amy gets jealous again of all the time that Jo and Laurie spend together. She follows them when they go ice skating and Amy ends up falling through the ice. Meg and John do not become close until later in the book; not until after Mr. March returns home. Even then, they do not have much interaction together. When Meg prepares for Sally Moffat’s coming out party in the book, she is there for days and we see all of the activities the girls do together. Meg feels embarrassed because of her status and how poor she is. All the other girls have gorgeous silk dresses and jewelry. In the movie, Meg is dressed up because the rest feel bad for her. In the book, Meg is dressed up because the rest of the Moffat family has grown fond of Meg and wants to do her a favor. A telegram arrives from Washington Hospital that Mr. March has been injured and Marmee leaves to go see him right away. Jo is supposed to ask Aunt March for money for her mother’s train ticket, but can’t bear to ask her, so she sells her hair. Mr. Brooke offers himself as company to Mrs. March as she travels. This is the same in the movie as in the book. A small difference between the book and movie is when Jo wins the money for her story being published. In the book, we see Jo submitting her stories and the entire writing process; not just her winning the money. She struggles with what to write, where she should go to get it published, etc. whereas the movie does not delve into Jo’s writing process. Beth comes down with scarlet fever after going to see about the Hummel’s sick baby who has it and they did not know. This is the defining moment for Beth’s character where her health begins to fail. Hannah says that Amy must stay with Aunt March because she is the only one of the March sisters who hasn’t had scarlet fever. In the book, Amy fights tooth and nail and will not go. The only way Amy agrees to go is when Laurie tells her he’ll visit everyday; which he does. This is where we first see the relationship between Laurie and Amy blossom. While Amy is staying with Aunt March, we see the two women growing closer together. Aunt March takes the responsibility of making sure Amy becomes a suitable lady since she believes none of the other girls have a chance of marrying a suitable man. This makes more sense later when Aunt March chooses Amy to go to Europe instead of Jo. In the book, Beth’s health improves before Marmee gets home from Washington. In the movie, Marmee coming home is what causes Beth’s health to improve. When Meg and John agree to marry, Jo gets visibly upset because she doesn’t want to lose her sister. In the book, this is a huge struggle for Jo. She does not like the way things are changing, and tries her best to deal with it. Jo has many internal struggles throughout this story that are visible through Louisa May Alcott’s writing. The speech that Laurie makes to Jo after she turns down his proposal is almost verbatim from the book. However, in the book Jo doesn’t tell anyone but Marmee that she’s refused Laurie’s proposal. In the movie, we see Jo telling Beth, Amy and Marmee. This is impossible in the book since Laurie proposes while Amy is abroad with Aunt March. No one ever tells Amy that Laurie has proposed to Jo, but she eventually figures it out when she runs into him in France. Laurie is so heartbroken that he begins to throw his life away until Amy confronts him about it. We see the relationship between Laurie and Amy develop over a year or so, where in the movie it seems like their relationship is forced. Their romance is much more natural and their marriage not so much a surprise in the book because of their detailed interactions in the book. Laurie also never promises to kiss Amy before she dies in the book as he did in the movie while taking her to stay at Aunt March’s during Beth’s illness. Jo feels the need to get away and needs a change in her life. So, she moves to New York to live with a friend of Marmee’s who runs a boarding house. She keeps to herself at first until running into Mr. Friedrich Bhaer. In the book, Jo secretly watches him around the boarding house finding herself oddly attracted to him. He is so different from anyone she has ever met. Mr. Bhaer teaches her to speak in his native language, German. In the movie, we see Jo having a hard time selling her work to publishers. In the book, Jo writes romance stories and has no problem selling them to magazines. Never in the book is her writing turned down because she is a woman, nor does she write under the name of a man. Friedrich, Mr. Bhaer, comments on the stories that she is writing saying that she is basically selling herself out and not writing from her heart. Although it hurts for her to hear it, she knows that he is right and should write what she wants. This is similar in the book and movie. As Jo and Friedrich grow closer in the movie, he takes her to the opera. This never happens in the book. The timeline in the movie is also rushed. Jo does not begin a relationship with Friedrich until after Amy and Laurie are married and return home to Connecticut. Another major difference between the movie and book is Meg and John’s relationship after marriage. The book tells you all about their troubles as husband and wife. How Meg tries to run her own household, deal with John’s imperfections, and how they come to truly know one another. Since they never spent a lot of time together before they were married, it’s very hard for them to live together at first. We also see Meg and John’s children grow to be toddlers, talking and running around. In the movie, we only see them as newborns. In the movie, Jo gets a telegram and rushes home when she hears Beth is ill. In the book, Jo is already home when Beth is ill and takes her on a vacation to the beach. Beth admits to Jo that she hasn’t been feeling well and knows that she will not be living much longer. We slowly see Beth becoming sicker, as opposed to the movie when Jo arrives home and Beth is on her death bed. It’s more of a progression in the book. Beth’s death hits Jo a lot harder in the book and she is completely shaken by it. One thing that I love about this movie that you just couldn’t pull off in a book is the montage of Jo writing about her life in her novel â€Å"Little Women. † This is done extremely well, and is such a touching moment in the movie. When Friedrich comes to visit Jo in the book, it is not because her book is being published. He has business in the area and wants to see her. Friedrich patiently courts Jo in the book and eventually over time she realizes her love for him. In the book, Jo and Friedrick turn Aunt March’s house into a boarding house and school for boys. They even have children of their own. Little Women the novel concludes with Professor Bhaer and Jo’s wedding. The final scene is a reflection of the start of the novel: the girls seated around their mother indulging in the joys of family and love. The ending in the book gives you closure on the story while the movie ends rather abruptly leaving you wondering what next? Do they marry, will they have children? What about Laurie and Amy, do they have happily ever after? It left you with so many questions. I guess it is characteristic of most movies since generally they end leaving the watcher unfulfilled and wanting more. Always a possibility of a sequel†¦ In conclusion, Ill repeat my thoughts that the movie version of books rarely live up to the written version. It does however offer us the unique chance to watch our favorite stories on the silver screen even if the movie version is a little distorted from the original story.